31 Koza, John III, Forrest H Bennett Andre, David Keane, Martin A. 1999 Peter Bentley Evolutionary Design by Computers San Francisco, USA Morgan Kaufmann 365--385 1-55860-605-X genetic algorithms, genetic programming In this chapter, genetic programming succeeded in evolving both the topology and sizing of six different prototypical analog electrical circuits, including a lowpass filter, a highpass filter, a tri-state frequency discriminator circuit, a 60 dB amplifier, a computational circuit for the square root, and a time-optimal robot controller circuit. All six of these genetically evolved circuits constitute instances of an evolutionary computation technique solving a problem that is usually thought to require human intelligence. There has previously been no general automated technique for synthesizing an analog electrical circuit from a high-level statement of the circuit's desired behavior. The approach using genetic programming to the problem of analog circuit synthesis is general; it can be directly applied to other problems of analog circuit synthesis. Each of the problems in this chapter illustrates the automatic creation of a satisfactory way of "how to do it" from a high-level statement of "what needs to be done." http://www.genetic-programming.com/jkpdf/edc1999.pdf